Research Results For 'Terrorism'

ANTHRAX KILLER

In September 2001 the USA was attacked by letters containing the phrases 'Death to America' and 'Death to Israel' infected with anthrax being sent through the post. Five people died, 18 more were injured, and 35000 were forced to take precautionary antibiotics. Official reports suggested that the anthrax was released by the Muslim al-Qaeda terrorist movement, but investigations by forensic scientists at the FBI revealed that the sender of the poisoned letters was most likely a member of the American CIA, probably trying to encourage support for President Bush's 'war on terrorism' by spreading terror and paranoia throughout the western world directed at the more fundamental Islamic countries.

The FBI's conclusion was further proved when on the 17th of June, 2003 the head of the British intelligence service, MI5 Ms Manningham-Buller, warned that an attack on a Western city was 'only a matter of time', and went on to say 'We are faced with a realistic possibility of a form of unconventional attack that could include chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear (CBRN)'. 'It is only a matter of time before a crude version of a CBRN is launched on a Western city.' Clearly indicating that to date no such terrorist attack had taken place, and that the FBI were correct in their finding that the Anthrax attack had been carried out by a member of the CIA, though suggesting that he was not a rogue criminal at all.
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COERCION ACTS

The Coercion Acts were Acts passed by the British parliament for the purpose of enforcing law and order in Ireland. Since the Union in 1800 the British Parliament was obliged to pass several Coercion Acts, especially towards the middle of the 19th century, when the Fenian Society aroused English feeling by various outrages.

In 1880 and 1881, when the agrarian movement in Ireland developed into something resembling a system of organised terrorism, culminating in the Phoenix Park murders, Gladstone's government, so as to put a stop to the state of lawlessness prevailing in the country, passed the Coercion Act of 1881, and the Crimes Act of 1882. By the first, the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland was empowered to arrest any person on mere suspicion, for treason and intimidation. A Coercion Bill, introduced by Balfour in 1887, was put in force in 1918, when the need again arose for the repression of crime in Ireland.
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FIRE OF LONDON

The Great Fire of London occurred in 1666, starting in a baker's house in Pudding Lane and burning for four days. It was attributed to be a Catholic plot intended to destroy the Protestant city of London (an early act of terrorism). The fire destroyed 88 churches, the city gates, the Royal Exchange, the Custom House, the Guildhall, Sion College, other public buildings, 13,200 houses and destroyed 400 streets. 200,000 people were made homeless and camped in Islington and Highgate fields, but only eight people were killed by the fire. A monument to the fire (the Monument of London) was erected designed by Sir Christopher Wren in 1671 - 1677.
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HABEAS CORPUS

In law, habeas corpus is a writ ordering a person to be brought before a court or judge. The term is particularly applied to a writ so issued so that the court may ascertain whether the person's detention is lawful. From the time of the Magna Charta imprisonment at the discretion of any person has been unlawful in England, but for long the royal prerogative was so indefinite and the power of the crown so great that persons were frequently detained in custody at the discretion of the crown. It was not until the 17th century that the Habeas Corpus Act, passed in 1679 provided the great remedy for the violation of personal liberty by the writ of habeas corpus ad subjiciendum (that you have the body to answer).

The provisions of the act may be stated generally thus : 1. That on complaint or request in writing, by, or on behalf of, any person committed and charged with any crime (unless treason, felony, etc, expressed in the warrant), the lord-chancellor, or any of the judges shall award a habeas corpus for such prisoner, and shall discharge the party, if bailable, upon security being given to appear and answer to the accusation. 2. The writ shall be returned, and the prisoner brought up within a limited time, not exceeding twenty days. 3. No person once delivered by habeas corpus shall be recommitted for the same offence. 4. Every person committed for treason or felony may insist on being tried at the next assizes, or admitted to bail, and if not tried at the second assizes or sessions, he shall be discharged from the imprisonment. The writ may be applied for by persons confined in any part of England, or Jersey and Guernsey. As the writ originally had to do solely with crimes, the statute 56 George III. cap. c. was passed, which extended the writ to other than criminal cases.

The result was that no person could be illegally confined in England for any length of time, since some friend could always apply for a habeas corpus, which, on a good prima facie case, would be issued. If the party was confined under recognized authority, as a child by a parent, this fact had to be stated.

In times of great political excitement, and suspected treasonable conspiracies, the operation of the Habeas Corpus Act has been occasionally suspended, and during the early 21st century under the pretext of 'combatting terrorism' exceptions made to it. But such suspension does not enable any one to imprison without cause or valid pretext for so doing. It only prevents persons who are committed from being bailed, tried, or discharged during the suspension, leaving to the committing magistrate all the responsibility attending on illegal imprisonment.

In Scotland similar protection of the liberty of the subject was secured by the Wrongous Imprisonment Act of 1701. The English statute was copied in the United States without essential change.

In the United States habeas corpus was suspended on July the 5th, 1861. Attorney-General Bates gave an opinion in favour of the President's power to declare martial law and suspend the writ of habeas corpus. A special session of Congress approved this opinion. Thereafter many arbitrary arrests were made, arousing much indignation. On September the 24th, 1862, the suspension was made general by the President so far as it might affect persons arrested by military authority for disloyal practices. An act of Congress, on March the 3rd, 1863, again authorized the suspension of the writ by the President in cases of prisoners of war, deserters, those resisting drafts and offenders against the military or naval service. The arrest of Vallandigham, in Ohio, and of Milligan, in Indiana, caused great excitement. The case of the latter being brought before the Supreme Court of the Union, that body decided that Congress could not give to military commissions the power of trial and conviction, and that the suspension of the privilege of habeas corpus did not suspend the writ itself. In the case of the Ku-Klux rebellions there was a brief suspension of habeas corpus in 1871.
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POLICE AND CRIMINAL EVIDENCE ACT

The Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) and the PACE Codes of Practice provide the core framework of police powers and safeguards around stop and search, arrest, detention, investigation, identification and interviewing detainees. PACE sets out to strike the right balance between the powers of the police and the rights and freedoms of the public. Maintaining that balance is a key element of PACE. However, the British police regularly flout the regulations set out in PACE, which is in itself a lengthy book which would take several hours to read. Suspects arrested in England and Wales have the right to read the PACE guidelines, but this is wholly unreasonable, given the length of the guidelines and the legal language used. This enables the police to flout the guidelines, unless the suspect demands their right to legal representation, and refuses to speak without a solicitor present.

The PACE guidelines are dividied into eight sections, known as codes:

Code A - Deals with the exercise by police officers of statutory powers to search a person or a vehicle without first making an arrest. It also deals with the need for a police officer to make a record of a stop or encounter.

Code B - Deals with police powers to search premises and to seize and retain property found on premises and persons.

Code C - sets out the requirements for the detention, treatment and questioning of suspects not related to terrorism in police custody by police officers. This is the section of the PACE guidelines
that applies to most arrests, and to the treatment of a suspect while in a police station. This section is itself over eighty pages long!

Code D - Concerns the main methods used by the police to identify people in connection with the investigation of offences and the keeping of accurate and reliable criminal records.

Code E - Deals with the audio recording of interviews with suspects in the police station.

Code F - Deals with the visual recording with sound of interviews with suspects. There is no statutory requirement on police officers to visually record interviews. However, the contents of this code should be considered if an interviewing officer decides to make a visual recording with sound of an interview with a suspect.

Code G - Deals with powers of arrest under section 24 the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 as amended by section 110 of the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005.

Code H - Sets out the requirements for the detention, treatment and questioning of suspects related to terrorism in police custody by police officers.
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TERRORISM

Terrorism is the systematic use of violence and intimidation to coerce a government or a community into adopting certain specific political ends, such as national independence for a region, or reunification or self-government, or even the adoption of a political system more sympathetic to another country's economic interests. The term terrorism was first coined in England referring to the French revolution, the agents of which were called 'terrorists' by the hostile English press, particularly the Daily Telegraph. Terrorism is so called because of the employment of 'terror' tactics, typically the bombing of property and the murder of civilians which leads to general unrest and pressure from the public onto a government or encourages the public to remove a leader. Within this definition, resistance fighters - civilians who take up arms against another country's uniformed soldiers occupying their country - are not terrorists, but a country which bullies another country with threats of war unless political changes occur within the country, perhaps the adoption of a government more sympathetic to the bullying country's economic interests, clearly is an example of terrorism. Recent examples of terrorism included the Republican terrorists of northern Ireland which sought reunification with the Republic of Ireland through making attacks on the British people in an attempt to coerce the British government into agreeing to their terms. The Islamic fundamentalist attack on the Twin Towers on September the 11th 2001 were not seeking a stated political end, and as such were not a terrorist attack, but were a criminal act of murder and destruction. America's threats to the country of Iraq unless they change their leader - President Saddam Hussein - could be construed as terrorism as the alternative for the Iraqi people is clearly all out war, in which many civilians would be killed and lose their property. A clear use of intimidation for political ends.
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BRIAN HAW

Brian Haw is an English peace campaigner. He was born in 1949. In 2001, Brian Haw commenced a constant vigil protest outside England's Houses of Parliament protesting against the USA led sanctions and bombing of Iraq. Within a year of his campaign starting, moves were made to evict Brian Haw under pretexts such as 'obstructing the highway' and supposed risks of terrorism, however all attempts failed and in 2005 the Home Secretary, Charles Clarke, passed a new law banning all spontaneous protests within a half-mile radius of the House of Parliament in direct contradiction to the rights established under the Human Rights Act.
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KIKUYU

The Kikuyu are a Bantu-speaking people who make up the largest tribal group in Kenya. They live mainly in the highland area in the south central part of the nation. An agricultural people, the
Kikuyu long resided in separate family homesteads raising their crops of millet, beans, peas, and sweet potatoes. Some groups also raised animals to supplement their diet, but little or no hunting or fishing was carried on. The basic social unit is a patrilineal group of males, who are polygamous, their wives, and their children. In the 1950s the Kikuyu, under the leadership of Jomo Kenyatta, launched a campaign of terrorism against the British colonialists who controlled the country. The resulting warfare was known as the Mau Mau Rebellion. During that time, the Kikuyu were moved by the government into villages, where many have chosen to remain because of the economic advantages of village life.
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LEV TROTSKY

Lev Davidovich Trotsky (real name Leiba Bronstein) was a Russian Soviet leader. He was born in 1877. In 1899 he was arrested at Odessa as a member of the South Russian Workmen's League, and was banished to Siberia for four years, but escaped three years into his exile. During the attempted revolution in Petrograd un 1905 he was president of the Petrograd Council of workmen, was again arrested, and banished to Siberia for life. Six months later he escaped and spent some years living in France, Switzerland and elsewhere, working as a journalist.

At the outbreak of the Great War, he was in Paris editing a Russian Socialist newspaper. At Petrograd during the revolution of 1917, he became a supporter of Lenin, and taking part in the abortive outbreak in July against the government of Kerensky, he was arrested and imprisoned. Liberated in September he began a campaign of intrigue against Kerensky.

Elected president of the Petrograd Soviet, after a time he formed the Bolshevist Revolutionary Committee, which in November started the coup d'etat that led to Kerensky's fall. Later with Lenin he seized power and established the Council of the people's Commissioners, Lenin being its president and Trotsky commissary for foreign affairs. In 1918 he became commissary for war, and in 1921 wrote 'The defence of terrorism'.

Trotsky was later assassinated, while in exile in South America, under orders from Stalin.
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NEOCONSERVATIVE

The Neoconservatives are an American, extreme-right wing movement dedicated to American world domination through globalisation and intervention in other countries (replacing governments and regimes with ones subservient to the USA), all outside of international law. The Neoconservative movement first came to prominence in the late 1990s, and then hit the headlines with the 'election' of George W Bush, himself a Neoconservative, to the office of President of the USA and the subsequent appointment of other Neoconservatives to posts in government. It was the Neoconservative movement and George W Bush which spoke of 'an axis of evil' and 'a war on terrorism' and which persuaded the American people to invade Iraq in 2003. After the invasion of Iraq, less right-wing Conservative organisations in the USA sought to distance themselves from the Neoconservatives by claiming that the Neoconservatives had their roots in the extreme-Left wing and Trotskyism.
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