A feretory was a bier or shrine containing the relics of saints borne in processions, which was usually done on their feast-days, as a token of gratitude in times of public rejoicing, or to obtain some favour in seasons of calamity.
A feretory is a type of coffin, but the form is usually that of a ridged chest, with a roof-like top, generally ornamented with pierced work, with the sides and top engraved and enamelled, and sometimes having images in high relief. They were made of precious metals - typically gold, wood, or ivory. Research Feretory
Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus Augustus originally called Caius Octavius,was a Roman Emperor. He was born in63 BC and died in 14 AD. He was the son of Caius Octavius and Atia, a daughter of Julia, the sister of Julius Caesar. Octavius was at Apollonia, in Epirus, when he received news of the death of his uncle in 44 BC, who had previously adopted him as his son. He returned to Rome to claim Caesar's property and avenge his death, and now took, according to usage, his uncle's name with the surname Octavianus. He was aiming secretly at the chief power, but at first he joined the republican party, and assisted at the defeat of Antony at Mutina. He got himself chosen consul in 43. Soon after the first triumvirate was formed between him and Antony and Lepidus, and this was followed by the conscription and assassination of three hundred senators and two thousand knights of the party opposed to the triumvirate. Next year Octavianus and Antony defeated the republican army under Brutus and Cassius at Philippi.
The victors now divided the Roman world between them, Octavianus getting the West, Antony the East, and Lepidus Africa. Sextus Pompeius, who had made himself formidable at sea, had now to be put down; and Lepidus, who had hitherto retained an appearance of power, was deprived of all authority in 36 BC and retired into private life. Antony and Octavianus now shared the empire between them; but while the former, in the East, gave himself up to a life of luxury, and alienated the Romans by his alliance with Cleopatra and his adoption of Oriental manners, Octavianus skilfully cultivated popularity, and soon declared war ostensibly against the Queen of Egypt. The naval victory of Actium, in which the fleet of Antony and Cleopatra was defeated, made Octavianus master of the world, in 31 BC. He returned to Rome in 29 BC, celebrated a splendid triumph, and caused the temple of Janus to be closed in token of peace being restored. Gradually all the highest offices of state, civil and religious, were united in his hands, and the new title of Augustus was also assumed by him, being formally conferred by the senate in 27 BC. Great as was the power given to him, he exercised it with wise moderation, and kept up the show of a republican form of government.
Under him successful wars were carried on in Africa and Asia (against the Parthians), in Gaul and Spain, in Pannonia, Dalmatia, etc; but the defeat of Varus by the Germans under Armmius with the loss of three legions, in 9 AD, was a great blow to him in his old age. Many useful decrees proceeded from him, and various abuses were abolished. He gave a new form to the senate, employed himself in improving the morals of the people, enacted laws for the suppression of luxury, introduced discipline into the armies, and order into the games of the circus. He adorned Rome in such a manner that it was said, ' He found it of brick, and left it of marble.' The people erected altars to him, and, by a decree of the senate, the month Sextilis was called Augustus (our August). He was a patron of literature; Virgil and Horace were befriended by him, and their works and those of their contemporaries are the glory of the Augustan Age. His death, which took place at Nola, plunged the empire into the greatest grief. He was thrice married, but had no son, and was succeeded by his stepson Tiberius, whose mother Livia he had married after prevailing on her husband to divorce her. Research Augustus
Bishop is the highest of the three orders in the Christian ministry - bishops, priests, and deacons - in such churches as recognize three grades. The name is derived from the Greek episkopos, meaning literally an overseer, through the Anglo-Saxon biscop, bisceop. Originally in the Christian church, the name was used interchangeably with presbyter or elder for the overseer or pastor of a congregation; but at a comparatively early period a position of special authority was held by the pastors of the Christian communities belonging to certain places, and the name of bishop became limited to these by way of distinction.
There is much that is doubtful or disputed in regard to the history of the episcopal office. Roman Catholics and many others hold that it is of divine ordination and existed already in apostolic times; and they maintain the doctrine of the apostolical succession, that is to say, the doctrine of the transmission of the ministerial authority in uninterrupted succession from Christ to the apostles, and through these from one bishop to another. Presbyterians deny that the office was of divine or apostolic origin, and hold that it was an upgrowth of subsequent times easily accounted for, certain of the presbyters or pastors acquiring precedence as bishops over others, just as the bishops of the chief cities (Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, Constantinople, Rome) obtained precedence among the bishops and received the title of metropolitan bishops; while the Bishop of Rome came to be regarded as the head of the church and the true successor of Peter.
Already in the fifth century the popes had begun to send to the newly-elected metropolitan bishops (now called archbishops) the pallium, a kind of official mantle, as a token of their sanction of the choice. Two centuries later it became the custom to consecrate bishops by investing them with the ring and crosier, the former as a token of marriage with the church, the latter as a symbol of the pastoral office. This investiture, as giving validity to the election of the bishops, became the source of long-continued contests between the popes and the temporal sovereigns in the middle ages. In the Roman Catholic Church the bishop is usually elected by the presbyters of the diocese, subject to the approbation of the pope and of the secular power. When the monarch is Roman Catholic a bishopric may be in the royal gift, subject to papal approval.
The bishop comes next in rank to the cardinal. His special insignia are the mitre and crosier or pastoral staff, a gold ring, the pallium, dalmatica, etc. He guards the purity of doctrine in his diocese, appoints professors in the clerical colleges, licenses books on religious subjects, ordains and appoints the clergy, consecrates churches, takes charge of the management of funds for ecclesiastical or pious purposes, etc. The bishops of the Greek Church have similar functions but on the whole less authority. They are always selected from the monastic orders.
In the Church of England bishops are nominated by the sovereign, who, upon request of the dean and chapter for leave to elect a bishop, sends a conge d'elire, or license to elect, with a letter missive, nominating the person whom he would have chosen. The election, by the chapter, must be made within twelve days, or the sovereign has a right to appoint whom he pleases. A bishop, as well as an archbishop, has his consistory court to hear ecclesiastical causes, and makes visits to the clergy, etc. He consecrates churches, ordains, admits, and institutes priests; confirms, suspends, excommunicates, grants licenses for marriage, etc. He has his archdeacon, dean, and chapter, chancellor, and vicar-general to assist him.
The Franciscans are the members of the religious order established by St Francis of Assisi about 1210. They are also called Minorites, or Fratres Minores ('lesser friars'), which was the name given them by their founder in token of humility, and sometimes Gray Friars, from the colour of their garment. The order was distinguished by vows of absolute poverty and a renunciation of the pleasures of the world, and was intended to serve the church by its care of the religious state of the people. The rule of the order destined them to beg and to preach. The popes granted them extensive privileges, and they had an evil repute as spies, frequenting the courts of princes and the houses of noblemen, gentry, etc. Early in the 15th century they split up into two branches, the Conventuals and the Observants or Sabotiers. The former went barefooted, wore a long gray cassock and cloak and hood of large dimensions, covering the breast and back, and a knotted girdle. The Observants wore wooden sandals, a cassock, a narrow hood, a short cloak with a wooden clasp, and a brown robe. In France the members of the order not belonging to any particular sect are called Cordeliers, from the cord which they tie about them. The Capuchins, so called from the peculiar kind of hood or cowl (capuce) which they wear, originated in a reform introduced among the Observantists by Matthew of Baschi in the early part of the 16th century, and although it received the approbation of different popes within a short time after its foundation, it did not receive the right of electing a particular general and become an independent order until 1619.
St Francis himself collected nuns in 1209. St Clara was their prioress; hence they were called the nuns of St Clara. The nuns were also divided into branches, according to the severity of their rules. The Urbanists were a branch founded by PopeUrban IV; they revered St Isabelle, daughter of Louis VIII of France, as their mother. St Francis also founded in 1221 a third order, of both sexes, for persons who did not wish to take the monastic vows, and yet desired to adopt a few of the easier observances. They are called Tertiarians or Tertiaries, and were very numerous in the 13th century. From them proceeded several heretical fraternities, as the Fraticelli and Beghards. The whole number of Franciscans and Capuchins in the 18th century amounted to 115,000 monks, in 7000 convents. At the dissolution of the monasteries in England there were sixty-five houses of the Franciscans. The order has given five popes and more than fifty cardinals to the church. Research Franciscan
Nathaniel Hawthorne was an American writer. He was born in 1804 at Salem, Massachusetts and died in 1864. He studied at Bowdoin College, where he took his degree in 1825 along with the poet Longfellow. Eor a number of years after this he led a retired and studious life in Salem, writing tales, some of which appeared in newspapers and magazines. He published his first novel, 'Fanshawe', anonymously in 1828. He contributed his early productions to periodicals such as the New England Magazine the American Magazine the Democratic Review and the Token. In 1837 appeared his 'Twice Told Tales', and in 1849 he published the 'Scarlet Letter', which at once brought him into prominence. In 1838 he was appointed a weigher in the Bostoncustom-house, a post which he held for a few years. In 1853 he was appointed Consul at Liverpool by President Pierce, and served until 1857. Research Nathaniel Hawthorne
Ivan Dixon is an American actor. He starred in the film 'Nothing but a Man' in 1963 and went on to be cast as a token black man in the 1960's series Hogan's Heroes, he eventually became fedup with backstage roles and became a TV director, directing the series 'Airwolf', and working on some episodes of 'Starsky and Hutch'. Research Ivan Dixon
The American Expeditionary Force (AEF) were forces sent to fight in Europe from the USA after the USA entered the Great War in April 1917. Although initially only a token force of one division went to France under General Pershing, by November 1918 the AEF comprised three armies each of three corps, a total of 1,338,000 combat troops. The greater part of the force was infantry, with only small detachments of cavalry being sent to Europe, principally for liaison and remount duties, though a provisional squadron did see some mounted action. A considerable force of artillery was also deployed, but was armed entirely with British or French guns since American production had not made any serious contribution by the time the war ended. A strong tank force was planned but only three battalions, using British and French tanks, saw action. In all, some two million American troops eventually served in France. Research American Expeditionary Force
The IBM 3270 Workstation Program allows your IBMPC, XT, AT, PS/2, or 3270 PC emulate 3278/79 display terminals. On a PC equipped with a corresponding emulation adapter and coaxial cable, connection to the host system can be to a 3174/3274/3276 cluster controller, 3745/3725/3720 communications controller, or directly to the 9370 or 4361 (with an Integrated Communications Adapter). The product also supports Token Ring attachment to a 3745/3725/3720 communications controller, 3174 cluster controller in CUT or DFT mode, 3274 cluster controller in DFT mode, or directly to the 9370 Token Ring subsystem controller. The Workstation Program supports up to four SNA sessions, six PCDOS sessions, and two notepad sessions. It also supports LIMEMS version 3.2 to accommodate terminal emulation software and DOS applications beyond the 640K RAM limit. Expanded memory support provides a migration path from the Workstation Program to OS/2 Extended Edition with its Communications Manager (which provides the functionality of the Workstation
Program.) Because it supports LIM/EMS version 3.2, all DOS sessions access the region above 640K. However, only data, not applications, can occupy this region. EMS support is available with IBM's Expanded Memory Adapter (XMA). These adapters can be configured to support EMS or the extended memory used by OS/2. The Workstation Program supports baseband or broadbandPC Network Adapters and full screen 3278 model 3, 4, or 5 support with the 8514/ A display adapter. File transfers are handled via the Send/ Receive protocol and require a host component to be loaded. The Enhanced Connectivity Facilities (ECF) Server-Requester Programmers Interface (SRPI) is supported for the development of programs which take advantage of these protocols. There is additional programming support for 3270 High Level Language Application Program Interface (HLLAPI) and Application Programmers Interface (API). Research IBM 3270 Workstation Program
Advanced NetWare was a powerful LAN operating system package that let you link up to 100 PCs to a file server to share files and network resources such as printers. With Advanced NetWare installed in an 80286 or better based PC, you could achieve minicomputer-like performance while you continued to use your PC-based applications.
Advanced NetWare could be configured as either a dedicated or non-dedicated system upon installation. Taking full advantage of the power of the processor, this product used up to 12Mb of RAM and more than 2Mb of hard disk storage to support up to 100 users per server. Because it is fully compatible with IBM's NetBIOS, it worked with the many multi-user applications available for the IBM Token-Ring and PC Network. Compatible with over 80 popular network hardware adapters and topologies, the package offered the utmost in flexibility. For example, if the layout of a building required multiple cable-types, you could connect an ARCNET segment in one part of the building, an Ethernet in another, and a Token-Ring somewhere else.
If you already had a non-Novell network installed, you could switch to Advanced or SFT NetWare and take advantage of the package's sophisticated security, power, and flexibility. Advanced NetWare provided operating system support for NetWare for Macintosh, a VAP (Value Added Process), and offered transparent protocol connectivity between IPX and Apple' s AFP. Using NetWare for Macintosh and Novell NL1000 AppleTalk network interface card, you could connect any AppleTalk network or network device (such as Apple LaserWriters) to a Novell file server running NetWare version 2.15. Research Novell Advanced NetWare
Password shadowing is a UNIXcomputer security system where the encrypted password field of /etc/ passwd is replaced with a special token and the encrypted password is stored in a separate file which is not readable by normal system users. On older systems,
password shadowing was often defeated by using a program that made successive calls to getpwent() to obtain the entire password file. Research Password Shadowing
The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
Abbreviations
Research Feretory
