A glottal stop is a plosive speech sound produced as the sudden onset of a vowel in several languages, such as German, by first tightly closing the glottis and then allowing the air pressure to build up in the trachea before opening the glottis, causing the air to escape with force. Research Glottal Stop
The Dipnoi are an order of fishes, including only the singular mud-fishes (Lepidosiren), important as exhibiting the transition, between fishes and the amphibia. Formerly Lepidosiren was reckoned the lowest of the amphibia, now it constitutes the highest order of fishes. The body is fish-like in shape, covered with small horny scales of a cycloid character; the pectoral and ventral fins are represented by two pairs of long filiform organs; the heart has two auricles and one ventricle, and the respiratory organs are twofold, consisting of ordinary gills opening externally, and of true lungs - formed by the modified swimming-bladder - communicating with the oesophagus by means of an air-duct or trachea, whence the name. They are also called Protopteri. The combination of respiratory organs is similar to that which is presented by the tailed amphibians with persistent gills (perennibranchiate), as the axolotl. This interesting group is allied to the ganoids through the Ceratodus of Queensland. The Lepidosiren paradoxa is found in the Amazon; Lepidosiren annectens in the Gambia. Research Dipnoi
Gapes is a disease of young domestic fowl, characterized by gaping or gasping for breath and caused by small parasitic worms in the windpipe (gapeworms).
*Gapeworm
The gapeworm (Syngamus trachea)is a parasitic nematode worm of the family Syngamidae, that lives in the trachea of birds and causes gapes in domestic fowl. Research Gapes
The Orache Moth (Trachea atriplicis) is a moth of the family Noctuidae with a wing span of between 38 and 42 mm found in the Palaearctic east to Japan. Two generations are produced flying from May to October. Research Orache Moth
Aphonia is the greater or less impairment, or the complete loss of the power of emitting vocal sound. The slightest and less permanent forms often arise from extreme nervousness, fright, and hysteria. Slight forms of structural aphonia are of a catarrhal nature, resulting from more or less congestion and tumefaction of the mucous and submucous tissues of the larynx and adjoining parts. Severer cases are frequently occasioned by serous infiltration into the submucous tissue, with or without inflammation of the mucousmembrane of the larynx and of its vicinity. The voice may also be affected in different degrees by inflammatory affections of the fauces and tonsils; by tumours in these situations; by morbid growths pressing on or implicating the larynx or trachea; by aneurisms; and most frequently by chronic laryngitis and its consequences, especially thickening, ulceration, etc. Research Aphonia
Ascariasis is an infection caused by a parasitic worm, ascarsis lumbricoides. This parasite is a pale, cylindrical, tapered roundworm that grows to between fifteen and forty centimetres in length. It lives in the small intestine of its host. The infection is common worldwide, especially in the tropics. It affects 80% to 90% of the population in poorer countries where standards of public hygiene and sanitation are low. One or several worms may be present in the infection, but symptoms generally only appear when there is multiple infestation. The eggs of the worm are carried by the wind in drier climates. In most cases, however, they are transmitted through water, food, and hands. The eggs are swallowed via the mouth of the new host and then hatch into larvae in the small intestine. The larvae travel through the wall of the intestine and are carried by the lymphatic vessels and the bloodstream to the lungs, up the trachea, and are swallowed back to the small intestine where they mature in the jejunum.
The worms reach maturity about two months after ingestion. The adult worms release eggs which are passed out through faeces to be acquired by a new host and start the cycle over. The lifespan of the worm is under 18 months, however, female worms produce up to 200,000 eggs per day. The eggs can remain viable for months or years. The condition is diagnosed by the presence of the eggs in an infected person's faeces during microscopic examination. Light infestation generally causes no symptoms or may cause slight nausea. Early symptoms of the passage through the respiratory system include coughing, wheezing, and a slight fever. Heavy infestation of the parasites compete with the host for food, leading to malnutrition and anaemia. In children, migration of the worms to the liver, gall bladder, or peritoneal cavity may cause death. Research Ascariasis
The bronchi are the tubes which carry air from the trachea to the inner recesses of the lungs, where it can transfer oxygen to the blood in the alveoli. Two main bronchi, the right and left bronchus, branch off of the low end of the trachea in what is called the tracheal bifurcation. One bronchus extends into each of the right and left lung. The bronchi continue to divide into smaller passageways, called bronchioles, forming a tree- like network of branches which extends throughout the spongy lung tissue. The exterior of the bronchi are composed of elastic, cartilaginous fibres and feature annular reinforcements of smooth muscle tissue. The bronchi are able to expand during inspiration, to allow the lungs to expand, and contract during expiration as air is exhaled. Research Bronchi
Abbreviations
Research Glottal Stop
