Bona fides or bona fide (from the Latin 'good faith', or 'in good faith'), is a term derived from the Roman jurists, implying the absence of all fraud or unfair dealing. A bona fide traveller in England and Scotland was fomerly someone who is actually travelling at some distance from home on Sunday and was thus legally entitled to demand and obtain alcoholic refreshments at a hotel. In the law of Scotland a bona fide possessor was a person who holds property upon a title which he honestly believes to be good. Research Bona Fides
The Book of Enoch is an apocryphal book of an assumedly prophetical character, to which considerable importance has been attached, particularly on account of St Jude quoting it in the 14th and 15th verses of his epistle. It is referred to by many of the early fathers; it is of unknown authorship, but was probably written by a Palestinian Jew in Hebrew or Aramaic, was translated into Greek, and from the Greek the existing Ethiopic version was made in the 1st or 2nd century BC. Until the end of the 18th century it was known in Europe only by the references of early writers. On his return Bruce, the African traveller, brought with him from Abyssinia two manuscripts containing the Ethiopic translation of it. It has since been repeatedly published, translated, and criticised. Research Book of Enoch
A calash was a light pleasure or travelling carriage, with low wheels, a removable top or hood and driven by the traveller himself, rather than a separate driver. Research Calash
The chinook is the warm dry wind at the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, and presents the same features as the fohn winds of Switzerland. The chinook winds descend from the Rockies, and while they are chiefly found in Montana and Wyoming, they also extend from the southern part of Colorado up into Canada as far as the Arctic circle. The high temperatures are confined to the valleys, and occur in streaks or pockets so that a traveller frequently passes suddenly from a very warm to a very cold atmosphere. Research Chinook
The Pilgrimage of Grace was a popular uprising which occurred in 1536, as a reaction to the dissolution of the monasteries. In the barren north, where towns were few and far between, the monks were still popular. In Yorkshire they had been the only people to dispense hospitality to the wandering beggar and the ordinary traveller. The work of the Cistercians, too, as sheep-farmers, was a benefit to a country where agriculture was difficult; and it was feared that the dissolution of the larger abbeys (like Fountains) was only a matter of time. A lawyer called Robert Aske mustered the rebels on Skipworth Moor, and then took possession of York; the expelled monks were restored to their monasteries.
The king then sent the Duke of Norfolk to Yorkshire, but when the latter reached Doncaster he found the rising too formidable to risk a battle. So he adopted the usual expedient in such cases - a general promise of a pardon if the rebels would submit, and this was successful for the time being. But a further outbreak in 1537 caused the king to act with a ferocity congenial to his temper. 'You shall in any wise', he wrote to his agents, 'cause such dreadful execution to be done upon a good number of the inhabitants of every town, village and hamlet...as well by the hanging of them up in trees or by the quartering of them, and the setting of their heads and quarters in every town great or small, as they may be a fearful spectacle to others hereafter that they would practise any like matter.' The leaders and no less than twelve abbots were hanged for their part in the rebellion, and that was the end of the Pilgrimage of Grace. Research Pilgrimage of Grace
In wheelwrighting, a traveller was a tool consisting of a wheel, twenty-four inches in diameter, on a handle which was used to measure the circumference of the wooden wheel prior to making an iron tyre to fit the wheel. Research Traveller
Bruceae is a genus of Simarubaceae, named in honour of the Abyssinian traveller. It consists of shrubs with compound leaves, flowers in heads, parts of the flower in fours, and stamens attached to a stalk supporting the four drupes. The stamens are sterile in the female flowers. The species are natives of Ethiopia and China and some of them possess properties similar to quassia, a drug furnished by a tree of the same family. Research Bruceae
Arminius Vambery was a Hungarian traveller and Oriental scholar. He was born in 1832 and died in 1913. He studied at Vienna and Pest universities, and in 1854 went to Constantinople (Istanbul), where he taught French. After studying Arabic and Persian dialects he went to Turkistan in 1861, disguised as a dervish ; thence to Persia, where he joined a caravan of pilgrims returning from Mecca, and travelled with them to Khiva. Thence he passed to Bokhara and Samarkand, making his way back to Persia via Herat, in 1864. Returning to Budapest, he became professor of Turkish and other Oriental languages. His principal works include The Coming Struggle for India, 1885; and Western Culture in Eastern Lands, 1906. He published his Autobiography in 1884, and The Story of My Struggles in 1904. Research Arminius Vambery
Arminius Vambery was a Hungarian traveller and Oriental scholar. He was born in 1832 and died in 1913. He studied at Vienna and Pest universities, and in 1854 went to Constantinople (Istanbul), where he taught French. After studying Arabic and Persian dialects he went to Turkistan in 1861, disguised as a dervish ; thence to Persia, where he joined a caravan of pilgrims returning from Mecca, and travelled with them to Khiva. Thence he passed to Bokhara and Samarkand, making his way back to Persia via Herat, in 1864. Returning to Budapest, he became professor of Turkish and other Oriental languages. His principal works include The Coming Struggle for India, 1885; and Western Culture in Eastern Lands, 1906. He published his Autobiography in 1884, and The Story of My Struggles in 1904. Research Arminius Vambery
Abbreviations
Research Bona Fides
