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Lailat-ul-Qadr is a night of study and prayer observed annually by Muslims to mark the communication of the Koran. It usually follows the 27th day of Ramadan.
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Abd-ul-Aziz was a Sultan of Turkey. He was born in 1830 at Constantinople (now Istanbul) and died in 1876. In 1861 he succeeded his brother as Sultan, and continued his brother's liberal and westernising reforms which resulted in the first Ottoman civil code. In 1871 he visited western Europe, afterwards becoming somewhat of a dictator and after revolts in Bosnia, Herzegovina and in Bulgaria he was deposed in May, 1876, and committed suicide, or was more probably was assassinated, in June, the same year. He was succeeded by his son Murad V.
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Abd-ul-Hamid II also known as Abdul Hamid II ('The Great Assassin') was the last Sultan of Turkey. He was born in 1842 at Constantinople (now Istanbul) and died in 1918. He succeeded his brother Murad V, who was deposed on proof of his insanity in 1876, as Sultan.
Abd-ul-Hamid passed the first Ottoman constitution in 1876. At that time Turkey, which was at war with Serbia, was compelled to agree to an armistice at the demand of Russia. The persecution and oppression of the Christian population of Bulgaria had roused remonstrances from other European countries, and a congress met at Constantinople (Istanbul) to consider a constitution which the Porte had proclaimed. The conference was a failure, and in April, 1877, war was declared by Russia. During the sanguinary struggle which ensued the Turks fought with great bravery, but they had ultimately to sue for peace. A treaty was signed at San Stefano in February 1878, but its provisions were modified by a congress of the great powers which met at Berlin. Turkey was compelled to part with some of its choicest provinces, while the sultan also ceded the island of Cyprus to be occupied and administered by Britain, which in turn agreed to guarantee his Asiatic dominions to the sultan.
Abd-ul-Hamid suspended the Ottoman constitution in 1878 and thereafter ruling as absolute monarch. Abd-ul-Hamid's reign was further disturbed in 1885 by a revolution in Eastern Rumelia, and was stained by the massacre of many thousands of Armenians.
Revolution in Turkey forced him to restore the constitution in 1908 and summon a parliament, in 1909 he attempted a counter-revolution and was deposed and exiled.
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Abd-ul-Medjid was a Sultan of Turkey. He was born in 1823 and died in 1861. Under his rule Turkey continued to liberalise, and he reorganised the courts and education and granted citizen rights. In 1854 he secured an alliance with Great Britain and France resisting Russian demands which subsequently precipitated the Crimean War.
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Mustapha-Ben-Abdallah Hadji Khalifah was a Turkish historian. He was born about 1605 at Constantinople (Istanbul) and died in 1658. He became 'first secretary' to Sultan Mourad IV. His most important work is Keshf-ul-tzunun, a kind of encyclopaedia of Arabic, Turkish, and Persian literature. Among his other works are Chronological Tables, Mirror of the World, History of the Maritime Wars of the Turks. All the works mentioned have been translated into Latin or modern languages.
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UL is an abbreviation for Underwriters Laboratory
UL is an abbreviation for Up Load
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The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
©1993 - 2009 The Probert Encyclopaedia
Southampton, United Kingdom
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