John Jacob Abel was an American biochemist. He was born in 1857 at Cleveland, Ohio and died in 1938. He determined the molecular weight of cholesterol and in 1897 isolated the hormone adrenaline from the adrenal gland. In 1892 he discovered carbonic acid in horseurine and associated it with the production of urea. He also pioneered kidneydialysis. Research John Abel
The bladder is a sac-like organ composed of musculomembranous fiber. Located in the pelvis, the bladder stores urine until it is excreted. The urine is passed to the bladder through ureters from each kidney in peristaltic waves. During excretion, the urethral orifice below the bladder is opened and the urine passes through the urethra. Though the urge to void the bladder of urine generally occurs when it has about 250 - 300 milliliters in it, the average human bladder can hold almost twice this amount. An average human excretes one to two liters of urine per day, though this is greatly dependent upon the health, diet, and level of activity of the adult. Ingested water usually is excreted within four hours of ingestion. Urine is usually clear or yellow, though this depends upon the diet and health of the individual. Urine has a distinct, ammonia-like smell which is primarily due to the nitrogenous wastes which make up 5% of the urine. The chief constituent of these wastes is urea, though ammonia, uric acid, creatinine, and a host of other waste products also are present. Research Bladder
The liver is the largest gland in the human body. It lies under the short ribs on the right side of the upper part of the abdomen below the diaphragm; it is convex on the upper surface and concave below, and is composed of four lobes. The liver has three functions: it secretes bile, stores glycogen and converts waste products into urea and uric acid for excretion. Research Liver
Uraemia is a condition of blood poisoning which occurs when the kidneys fail to function properly, as in Bright's disease and fail to excrete urea which is retained in the blood and upsets the nervous system, causing drowsiness, headaches, giddiness and in extreme cases coma. Research Uraemia
Urine is a fluid produced by the kidneys. Urine contains the end products of nitrogen metabolism - urea, uric acid and creatinine as well as sodium chloride. Urine is extensively tested in medicine for the diagnosis of disease, and immunological analysis of urine is commonly used to test for pregnancy in humans.
In industry, a dilute solution of urine was long traditionally used as a degreaser for sheep's wool before it was combed, spun and woven. Research Urine
Acetaldehyde is a colourless liquid with a pungent, fruity odour. It is used primarily as a chemical intermediate, principally for the production of acetic acid, pyridine and pyridinebases, peracetic acid, pentaerythritol, butylene glycol, and chloral. It is used in the production of esters, particularly ethyl acetate and isobutyl acetate. It is also used in the synthesis of crotonaldehyde, flavour and fragrance acetals, acetaldehyde 1,1-dimethylhydrazone, acetaldehyde cyanohydrin, acetaldehyde oxime, and various acetic esters, paraldehyde, metaldehyde, polymers, and various halogenated derivatives. Acetaldehyde is used in denatured alcohol. In the past it was a chemical intermediate for 2-ethyl-1-butanol, glyoxal, acrolein, and acetaldehyde-aniline condensate. Acetaldehyde has been used in the manufacture of aniline dyes and synthetic rubber, to silvermirrors, and to hardengelatine fibres.
Acetaldehyde has been used in the production of polyvinyl acetal resins, in fuel compositions, and to inhibit mould growth on leather. It is also used in the manufacture of disinfectants, drugs, perfumes, explosives, lacquers, varnishes, photographic chemicals, phenolic and urea resins, rubber accelerators, antioxidants, and room air deodorisers. It is also a pesticide intermediate.
Acetaldehyde is a compound for the intended use as a flavouring agent and adjuvant. It is an important component of food flavourings added to milk products, baked goods, fruit juices, candy, desserts, and soft drinks; the concentration of acetaldehyde in food is usually up to .047%. It is an especially useful synthetic flavouring ingredient to impart orange, apple, and butter flavours, and is used in the manufacture of vinegar and yeast and as a fruit and fish preservative.
Acetaldehyde is a volatile and flammable liquid. It is miscible in water, alcohol, ether, benzene, gasoline, solvent, naphtha, toluene, xylene, turpentine, acetone, and other common organic solvents. It is a highly reactive compound that undergoes numerous condensation, addition, and polymerisation reactions. It is dangerous when exposed to heat or flame; it can react vigorously with oxidising material, acid anhydrides, alcohols, ketones, phenols, halogens, isocyanates, and strong alkalis and amines. It is also incompatible with acids, bases, alcohol, ammonia, amines, phenols, ketones, and hydrogen cyanide. It will polymerise readily in the presence of trace metals. Acetaldehyde can form unstable or explosive peroxides with exposure to the air. It may polymerise under the influence of air and heat, acids, or bases with potential of fire or explosion. It is polymerised violently by concentrated sulphuric acid. Rubber products decompose on contact with acetaldehyde, but it is not corrosive to most metals. It is also known as acetic aldehyde, ethanal, NCI-C56326, and ethyl aldehyde. Research Acetaldehyde
Allantoin is a crystalline solid substance discovered by Vauquelin in 1790 in the foetal fluids of many animals. It is reported to have healing, soothing and anti-irritating properties. Today it is extracted from urea, which is derived from the urine of most animals, and from herbs like comfrey or uvaursi, and is used in cosmetics. Research Allantoin
Cyanic Acid (HCNO) is a volatile liquid prepared by the distillation of urea. It is very unstable and if heated above zero degrees Celsius explodes with the formation of a polymer cyanmelide. Research Cyanic Acid
Cyanuric acid, also known as tricarbimide, is an organicacid. It was first obtained by heating uric acid or urea, and was then called pyrouric acid; afterwards it was obtained from isocyanic acid. It is a white crystalline substance, odourless and almost tasteless. Research Cyanuric acid
The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
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Abbreviations
Research John Abel
