A Coppice, or copse is a wood in which the trees are cut over periodically as they attain a certain size. In Britain many forest trees, and in particular the oak, the chestnut, the ash, the birch, and the maple, are dealt with in this way. The period for cutting varies with the soil and the tree. The oak usually requires from fifteen to twenty-five years' growth, while the willow is cut regularly every year. The term ia also used in a general sense for a wood of small growth, or consisting of underwood and brushwood. Research Coppice
German Tinder, or amadou is prepared from the Boletus fomentarius, a fungus growing on the oak, birch, and some other trees, or from the Boletus igniarius found on the willow, cherry, plum, and other trees. The fungus is removed with a sharp knife, washed, boiled in a strong solution of saltpetre, beaten with a mallet, and dried. In surgery it was sometimes used to stop local bleeding. Research German Tinder
A hedge is a fence formed of living trees or shrubs. Hedges are often composed of one or more of the following: Hawthorn, crab, blackthorn, holly, privet, beech, hornbeam, maple, barberry, furze, broom, alder, poplar, willow, yew, box, arborvitae, sweet-briar, etc. Although superior to dry-stone walls, they take up much room, and exhaust the soil to some extent. Hedges are probably more common in England than in any other country, though they were not very common in England until the close of the seventeenth century. Research Hedge
Amentaceae is the family of trees and plants where the flowers are arranged in the form of catkins (amenta). The family is broken up into several orders, the chief of which are Betulaceae (the birch), Salicinese (the willow), Balsamifluae (the liquidambar), Plataneae (the plane), and Cupuliferae (the nut). Research Amentaceae
The candleberry, candleberey myrtle, waxmyrtle, etc (Myriad cerifera), is a shrub of the natural order Myricaceae, growing from four to eighteen feet high, and common in North America, where candles were made from its drupes or berries, which are about the size of peppercorns, and covered with a greenish-white wax popularly known as Blayberry tallow. The wax was collected by boiling the drupes in water and skimming off the surface. A bushel of berries yields from 4 to 5 lbs. of wax. Another plant belonging to the same genus is the sweet-gale (MyricaGale), which grows abundantly in bogs and marshes in Scotland. It is a small shrub, with leaves somewhat like the myrtle or willow, of a fragrant odour and bittertaste, and yielding an essential oil by distillation. Research Candleberry
In botany, the term dioecious is applied to plants which have flowers with stamens on one individual and those with pistils on another: as opposed to monoecious. The willow, the yew, the poplar, etc, are dioecious. Research Dioecious
Dwarf willow (Salix herbacea) is a dwarf creeping shrub of the family Salicaceae, with a long underground stem, but few aerial branches, often forming large patches. The leaves are bright green and shiny with conspicuous veins and are borne on short branches. The flowers are borne in small catkins, the male and female flowers on different plants. Research Dwarf Willow
The elk or moose, is a large deer (Alces alces) found in north Europe, Asia and Scandinavia.
The elk has a short compact body, standing about 1.8 metres in height at the shoulders, a thick neck, large clumsy head, and horns which flatten out almost from the base into a broad palmate form with numerous snags. In colour the elk is greyish brown, the limbs, sides of head, and coarse mane being, however, of a lighter hue. Their flesh resembles beef rather than venison. For the most they are inoffensive, and so exceedingly wary that they are approached only with difficulty. In America the Indians are the most skilful moose-hunters. The moose has a wide range in Canada, extending from the ArcticOcean and British Columbia to New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; and it is found also in Maine. It feeds largely on the shoots of trees or shrubs, such as the willow and maple, and on bark, etc. Research Elk
Abbreviations
Research Coppice
