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Yale University is a famous and respected American university. It was chartered as the Collegiate School of Connecticut in 1701. The college was first established at Saybrook, but was removed to New Haven in 1717, and the name of Yale College was adopted in honour of Elihu Yale who had made large gifts to the school. A new charter was obtained in 1745, and in 1887 the title of Yale University was authorised by the legislature.
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Benjamin Silliman was an American scientist. He was born in 1779 and died in 1864. Known as 'The Nestor of American Science', he was professor at Yale College from 1803 to 1853, founded the American Journal of Science in 1818, and was sole editor until 1838. He exerted his influence for the Union and the abolition of slavery.
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The Camaldolites Camadulians or Camaldunians were a fraternity of monks founded in the Yale of Camaldoli in the Apennines in 1018, by St Romuald, a Benedictine monk. They were originally hermits, but as their wealth increased they associated in convents. They were always distinguished for their extreme asceticism, their rules in regard to fasting, silence, and penances being most severe. Like the Benedictines they wore white robes.
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Dean Gooderham Acheson was an American lawyer and politician. He was born in 1893 at Middletown, Connecticut and died in 1971. Educated at Yale and Harvard, he joined the department of state in 1941, where he was Under-Secretary from 1945 until 1947 and Secretary of State in the Truman administration from 1949 until 1953. He developed US policy for the containment of Communism, helped to formulate the Marshall Plan of 1947 and participated in the establishment of NATO in 1949. His works include Power and Diplomacy, published in 1958, Morning and Noon, published in 1965, and Present at the Creation published in 1969, for which he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize.
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Edmund Clarence Stedman was an American poet and critic. He was born in 1833 at Hartford, Connecticut and died in 1908. Educated at Yale, from 1859 until 1861 he was on the staff of The New York Tribune and from 1861 until 1863 was correspondent in the American Civil War for The New York World.
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Erwin Neher is a German cell physiologist. He was born in 1944 at Landsberg in Germany and trained originally as a physicist in Munich and at the University of Wisconsin. While working at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry in Munich, he took a year-long sabbatical to work with the physiologist Sakmann at Yale University. He shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1991 with Bert Sakmann for his studies on ion channels and beta-endorphin. Neher and Sakmann developed the patch-clamp technique in 1976 to measure the electrical activity of very small portions of cell membranes. This technique revolutionized the study of ion channels.
To perform the technique a glass pipette with a tip diameter of about one micrometer is pressed against a cell and slight suction is then applied to seal the cell membrane against the pipette. The technique allows the flow of ions through a single channel and transitions between different states of a channel to be monitored with a time resolution of microseconds. Using this method, Neher and Sakmann investigated the effect of beta-endorphin on the membrane of cells. Beta-endorphin is a neurohormone secreted by the pituitary gland and an opiate that has been found to play a clinical role in the perception of pain, behavioural patterns, obesity, diabetes, and psychiatric disorders. Neher and Sakmann demonstrated that beta-endorphin acts not only on nerves in the brain to regulate their secretion of neurotransmitters but also, via calcium channels, acts on the walls of arteries in the brain.
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Francis Amasa Walker was an American soldier and economist. He was born in 1840 and died in 1897. He was adjutant-general of the Second Army Corps during the American Civil War. He was commissioner of Indian affairs from 1871 to 1873. He was professor of history and political economy at the Yale Scientific School from 1873 to 1881, when he became president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He compiled the ninth and tenth censuses, and published 'Money, Trade and Industry', several works on political economy and a history of the Second Army Corps.
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George Washburn Smalley was an American journalist. He was born in 1833 at Franklin, Massachusetts and died in 1916. Educated at Yale and Harvard law school, he was admitted to the bar at Boston in 1856. During the American Civil War he distinguished himself as was correspondent for the New York Tribune. While serving as an aide-de-camp to general Hooker at Antietam he organised the European correspondence of The Tribune, and was American correspondent of The Times from 1895 until 1906.
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Gifford Pinchot was an American forestry expert and politician. He was born in 1865 at Simsbury, Connecticut and died in 1946. After graduating from Yale he studied forestry in Europe and in 1893 became a consulting forester. Entering government service he was chief of the forestry department from 1898 until his dismissal in 1910 by president Taft for insubordination in having criticised a presidential decision which had gone against his department. Later he founded the School of Forestry at Yale before becoming a politician and being Republican governor of Pennsylvania from 1931 until 1935.
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James Dwight Dana was an American academic., He was born in 1813 and was a professor of Yale University. He made extensive reports, geological and other, upon material collected in a United States expedition to the Southern and Pacific Oceans, and in 1850 became associate editor of the American Journal of Science and Art of which he later became editor.
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The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
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